Gauging Gerrymandering in Pennsylvania

There is currently no widely accepted standard method to determine whether gerrymandering has occurred. To a cutoff for unreasonable gerrymandering, simulating collections of districting plans in the absence partisan bias been proposed. In simulation-based methods, real-world election outcomes are compared results from simulated plans. Here, simulation that creates possible districts continuous space Existing methods use preliminary spatial discretization state perform simulations. This can result biased estimates, which could lead inaccurate conclusions regarding gerrymandering. We our continuous-space analyze political Pennsylvania. All elections fewer than 13 Republican seats, indicating plan used Pennsylvania prior 2018 was likely gerrymandered. finding agrees with and confirms discrete-space studies without presence bias.